Smallholder adaptation to flood risks: Adoption and impact of Swarna-Sub1 in Eastern India

Climate change and the consequent increase in incidence of drought flood will remain a major threat to smallholders. Hence, it is crucial adopt an appropriate adaptation strategy overcome this farmers’ income. Because seed primary input, adoption stress-tolerant rice varieties potential mitigation combat climate risks. In context, present study carried out among paddy farmers flood-prone region Eastern India understand impact submergence-tolerant variety Swarna-Sub1 on yield The reveals that varies significantly across eastern India. Education, occupation, credit, social group, cultivated land, access information influence decision. Endogenous switching regression estimates revealed expected adopters actual scenario for non-adopters counterfactual higher than their counterparts. average treatment effect confirms benefit cultivating much submergence conditions normal conditions. An additional 19.0% 48.2% income obtained respectively by flooded